Polish Composers in Occupied Poland
By Katarzyna Naliwajek-Mazurek

http://orelfoundation.org/index.php/journal/journalArticle/polish_composers_in_occupied_poland/

The situation of composers who became former Polish citizens in September 1939 was defined by general policies and new jurisdictions introduced by the Nazi and Soviet authorities. Poland disappeared from the maps in 1939, divided into three parts: the General Government under German civil administration and military occupation, the Third Reich-incorporated territories and the USSR-annexed territories. The approaches to the inhabitants of these regions varied, yet their common feature was terror, directed first of all towards the intelligentsia. In the part of Poland that came under Soviet rule, arrests by the NKVD and deportations to Siberia were means of grasping control of the Polish population, but until June 1941, when these territories were seized by the Third Reich and incorporated into the General Government District of Galicia, musical institutions and schools still operated, even though their functioning was adapted to Soviet models and the most important positions were given to those who were willing to collaborate with the new regime.

To Nazi ideologists, from Hitler, Himmler and Goebbels on down, Polish culture, education and science were obvious impediments to the plan that aimed at the degradation and transformation of the Polnische Bevölkerung (Polish population) into a docile mass labor force. In a speech on 24 October 1940, Hitler explained that “all representatives of Polish intelligentsia should be extinguished” because “this is the law of life”. 1 In order to prove that the occupied country had no culture or national identity and to make it into an “intellectual desert” (in the words of General Governor Hans Frank), universities and high schools were closed for Polish students and professors; independent Polish newspapers and periodicals were banned and replaced by German propaganda newspapers in Polish; and musical and cultural institutions, such as orchestras, choirs, the radio and music associations were closed down. Classical music publishing and performances of Polish music (e.g., Chopin and Paderewski) were banned in the first year of the occupation, and monuments representing great figures in Polish culture were destroyed. In May 1940, for instance, the famous Chopin monument in Warsaw's Łazienki Park was knocked down and the park was reserved “for Germans only.”

Thus, in September and October 1939 composers - former Polish citizens who found themselves under the Nazi occupation - lost their sources of income as music critics, teachers at conservatories, conductors, artistic directors, music editors or simply as composers, by having their works performed. The careers of numerous talented composers of popular music also came to an abrupt end: they no longer received commissions from the Polish Radio, cabarets and theaters or for the previously flourishing recording and film industries (e.g., the famous “Syrena Record” company), because all of these organizations had been shut down.

In the Reich-incorporated territories the main goal of the Nazis was to Germanize the population or relocate it in the General Government. Composers from the most important music centers such as Poznań and Łódź, which now belonged to the Warthegau or other Reich provinces, were mainly forced to depart, but in some instances they were arrested or interned in camps. Wacław Gieburowski (1878-1943), a priest and composer and the conductor of a renowned Cathedral Choir in Poznań, was arrested by the Gestapo in 1939, then released, and died in Warsaw. Jerzy Młodziejowski (1909-1985), a composer, conductor, writer on music, photographer and alpinist, took part in the September Campaign and from 1940 to 1945 was a prisoner in Woldenburg (Dobiegniew) oflag, where he conducted a prisoners' orchestra and a men's choir and composed. Zygmunt Mycielski (1907-1987), a composer and music critic who had studied with Paul Dukas and Nadia Boulanger, and who was the descendant of a noble family, took part in the September campaign and fought in France in 1940. As a Polish soldier, he found himself in a stalag, and then was sent to forced labor on a German farm. He nevertheless composed Fiat voluntas Tua, offertoire pour deux violoncelles et piano ou orgue (1943), and Five symphonic sketches (1945).

Composers from Poznań (renamed Posen) for the most part headed towards Warsaw or Cracow or hid elsewhere. Tadeusz Zygfryd Kassern (Lvov 1904-New York 1957), who, until 1939, had worked as a lawyer in the general prosecutor's office in Poznań and as a music critic in Nowy Kurier (1929-33) and Dziennik Poznański (1934-38), while maintaining quite a successful composing career, was evacuated to Lvov in August 1939, which he left in 1940 for Cracow, where he found work at a Gebethner and Wolff bookstore. As he was wanted by the Gestapo because of his Jewish origins, he moved to Warsaw, where he hid under the name of Teodor Sroczyński. During the war he composed several works, including a Concertino for piano and orchestra (1940), a Concerto for string orchestra, piano sonatinas, a Children's Suite for two pianos, and songs. Stanisław Wiechowicz - a widely respected composition professor at Poznań conservatory, author mainly of choral music (he later composed a mournful Letter to Marc Chagall, 1961), moved at first to Warsaw, then to a remote locality, where he was hired officially as an office clerk on his friends' forest property. Extermination was the principal method used for composers who were seen by the Nazis as being linked to patriotic activities or Polish cultural institutions in the territories, which they wanted to become ethnically “cleansed”. The talented Silesian composer Jan Sztwiertnia (1911-1940), who perished in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Austria, was an early victim of these persecutions.

After the Wannsee conference in January 1942, most Polish-Jewish composers were murdered in the genocide conceived as the “Final solution to the Jewish question”, where the category of “Jew” was defined acccording to the German Nuremberg Laws. Whole generations of Polish musicians of Jewish origin were killed by the Nazis, unless a member of a family was abroad or survived in hiding. An example is the history of the Kagan and Górzyński (Grünberg) families. Of the four Kagan brothers born in Nowogródek (now Navahrudak in Belarus) as sons of Mordechai and Sara (née Kantor), the eldest, Mieczysław Kagan (born in 1887; he changed his name to Kochanowski), a conductor and composer of dance music, was murdered in May 1943 in the Gestapo interrogation prison at Szucha Avenue in Warsaw, where the arrested were routinely cruelly tortured and often killed. The youngest brother, Alexander Kagan (born in 1906), survived the war as a soldier in the Polish Army in France and was interned in Switzerland. Jakub Kagan (1896-1941), a composer of dance music, pianist, conductor, and jazz musician, who took part in the 1920 Polish-Soviet war, was the author of several pre-war hits, such as Złota pantera (Gold Panther, 1929), to words by Andrzej Włast (1895-1942?); he was forced to move to the Warsaw ghetto in 1941, where he performed as a pianist at the Splendid Café and Melody Palace Theater, and where he was killed by the Nazis, probably in 1942. The fourth brother, Feliks Kagan (who had changed his name to Kochański) also perished during the war (see Tomasz Lerski, Syrena Record. Pierwsza polska wytwórnia fonograficzna 1904-1939, Editions ”Karin”, New York - Warsaw 2004: 661-662).

Among the three sons of a music teacher in Cracow, the eldest, Władysław Górzyński (orig. Adolf Grünberg, composer and conductor, born in 1887), went into hiding during the war and survived. His three sons and wife died during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. His younger brother, Zdzisław Górzyński (1895-1977), an outstanding Polish conductor who had worked at the Warsaw Opera House, in Lvov and at other theatres, directed the Small Orchestra of Polish Radio from 1935 to 1939. During the war, he hid under the very Polish name of Jan Zbigniew Michalczyk, survived by giving music lessons and accompanied clandestine concerts. He was under the care of composers who belonged to the clandestine Music Council (especially composer Piotr Perkowski and his sister, Felicja Krysiewicz). The youngest brother, composer Tadeusz Górzyński (*), who studied violin in Cracow, conducting and composition in Vienna, and was for many years president of the Warsaw Association of Musicians, was arrested and sent to the Nazis' Majdanek concentration camp. He was forced to work on the construction of the camp, and he died of typhoid fever in september 1942 (Lerski 2004: 642-3).

(*) Tadeusz Górzyński (né Grünberg) born in 1899 in Cracow, studied violin in Cracow Conservatory and in Vienna in class of conducting and composition. Since 1925 member of Karol Namysłowski Polish folk dance orchestra, in years 1927-35 he directed his own dance band, performing in Warsaw and Lwow restaurants and cafes as well as in summer spas (Ciechocinek, Krynica, Truskawiec). He composed for film : Dorożkarz nr 13 (The Cab Driver No 13), Rapsodia Bałtyku (The Baltic Rahapsody) or Biały murzyn (A White Negro), his were popular hits Gdy radio w pokoiku gra (When Radio Plays In My Little Room) or Piosenka fal (A Song Of The Waves). Since 1935 he joined as violinist a Small Orchestra Of The Polish Radio directed by his brother Zdzisław Górzyński. During the German occupation of Poland he was arrested and sent to the Nazi death camp in Majdanek, where he worked by the construction of the camp and in September 1942 he died of typhus.

Some of the composers imprisoned in the Warsaw and Łódź ghettos tried to earn their living through any possible form of musical activity under these tragic circumstances; these included Marian Neuteich, Adam Furmański, David Bajgelman, David Laks, Marian Altenberg, Artur Gold and several others. They perished in the ghettos and death camps (Treblinka and Auschwitz, primarily). Władysław Szpilman, probably the only composer in the Warsaw ghetto who survived the war, was helped by fellow musicians, including the composer Piotr Perkowski and the singers Andrzej Bogucki and Zofia Godlewska. An eminent composer from Lvov, Józef Koffler, the first Polish twelve-tone composer, was killed with his wife and small son somewhere in the former Polish territory. Those who stayed (Jakub Mund, Emmanuel Schlechter and Zygmunt Schatz) died in the ghetto or the Janovska camp. Other Polish composers from Lvov died as a result of other German persecutions: Alfred Stadler (1889-1944) was executed as a hostage and Wiktor Hausman (1893-1943) was executed at Warsaw's Gęsia Street prison. Mieczysław Krzyński (1901-1987) was imprisoned in the camps of Auschwitz and Sachsenhausen but survived.

In contrast to the territories annexed to the Reich, musical activity for Poles was allowed in the General Government, although Hans Frank confined it to “some forms of primitive entertainment” in the cafés, under such conditions as registration and special renewable permission (the Erlaubniskarte), and only after the acceptance of a concert program by Nazi censors. In the NSDAP document, Die Frage der Behandlung der Bevölkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete nach rassenpolitischen Gesichtspunkten (The Question of Dealing with the Population of the Former Polish Territory from the Racial-Political Point of View), of November 1939, in the section entitled Treatment of Poles and Jews in the Remaining [part of] Poland [i.e., General Government], the following guidelines are presented: “Cafés and restaurants, although they were often the meeting points of nationalistic and intellectual circles in Poland, should not be closed, as control over them seems to be easier than over the private gatherings of conspirators, as would necessarily have happened and in which Polish history so abounds.”

This method was diligently applied. Cafés were closed if they broke the censorship rules (as was the case with the Café Zachęta, where a concert program featured Polish compositions), or because at a certain point it was useful for the policy of terror and intimidation exercised by the Nazi authorities. At one of the first cafés, the Arkadia, which opened in occupied Warsaw at the end of 1939 in what was left of the Warsaw Philharmonic building (most of it had been destroyed in bombing raids in September, with the musical scores and instrument collections), and which was a center of right-wing nationalistic underground activity, everybody present was arrested on 5 December 1940. Some of the café's visitors and employees were executed, others were sent to concentration camps. Composer and pianist Henryk Gadomski (1907-1941), although he had nothing to do with the clandestine activities there, was transported to Auschwitz on 6 January 1941, where he perished the same year. His compositions were destroyed during the war. 2 Composer Bronisław Onufry Kopczyński (1916-1943), known for his anti-Semitic views and actions before the war, and who was linked during the war to right-wing underground organizations, was arrested by the Gestapo in January 1943 and died at the Majdanek camp in April of that year. Some composers survived thanks to their profession: Szymon Laks, arrested in France and transported to Auschwitz because of his Jewish origins, and Adam Kopyciński, both conducted orchestras at Auschwitz.

It was also at a café - the Lira at Szpitalna Street 5, opened by Piotr Perkowski - that the above-mentioned clandestine Council of Musicians was founded as one of many underground institutions. Its goals were to counteract the effects of Nazi policies. Different subsections served various aims: the organization of clandestine musical life (concerts in private apartments were organized in order to avoid censorship and perform Polish music, especially Chopin); the organization of classical music concerts at cafés; the commissioning of special songs for the underground Home Army (such songs were eventually composed by Witold Lutosławski, Andrzej Panufnik and others); music education; and financial support and help for musicians in hiding.

Thus, several composers performed at the Warsaw cafés, as it was almost the only possibility of work for a musician - apart from private teaching and playing at funerals or in churches . 3 Musicians who played in institutions established by the Nazis in the fall of 1940, such as the Theater der Stadt Warschau (Theatre of the City of Warsaw, which occupied the Teatr Polski), and the Orchestra of the General Government in Cracow, were either collaborationists or had no other choice and were sanctioned by the clandestine Council of Musicians because they were endangered themselves or had to protect a husband or a wife of Jewish origin). This was the case of Walerian Bierdiajew, who conducted at the Theater der Stadt Warschau.

The most ambitious venue was the café tellingly named “Home of Art” (“Dom Sztuki”) — in the absence of the Philharmonic, Opera and radio concert halls; it was organized by the composer Bolesław Woytowicz (1899-1980), who had been professor of piano at the Warsaw Conservatory before the war. This café's programs even featured newly composed chamber and solo works by Woytowicz himself and other jobless composers, such as Grażyna Bacewicz, Roman Palester (1907-1989), Lutosławski, Kisielewski and Kazimierz Wiłkomirski.

Some composers were imprisoned for a time at the Pawiak prison: Woytowicz was arrested on 22 May 1943 and released a month later; Palester was arrested in 1940 and held for about six weeks; Lech Miklaszewski (1910-1992), also arrested in 1940, was imprisoned there for six months; and Wacław Gajdziński was sent from the Pawiak prison on 24 May 1944 to Stutthof, where he died.

Witold Lutosławski performed mainly at cafés in a piano duo with Andrzej Panufnik, playing mostly arrangements of standard repertoire - first at the Aria café, sometimes accompanying soloists; then at U Aktorek (At the Actresses'); and, beginning in 1942, at Sztuka i Moda (Art and Fashion). The only surviving composition from that experience is Lutosławski's flamboyant Variations on Paganini (1941), for two pianos; other pieces were improvised, or else they perished in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 and in the subsequent burning of the city by the Nazis. During a roundup, when all the visitors and staff were arrested and sent to the Pawiak prison, Panufnik and Lutosławski were released thanks to the intervention of the café's owner. During the war, Lutosławski also composed Two Studies for Piano (1940-41) and the Trio for oboe, clarinet and bassoon (1944).

In Cracow, which was much more tightly controlled, a café, Kawiarnia Plastyków (Café of Artists), was where Polish musicians could perform for Polish audiences, independent of the Nazis (except for the censorship, to be sure). As late as 14 April 1942, Jan Ekier gave a piano recital there, but two days later 198 artists and others were arrested and locked up in the Montelupi prison. On 24-25 April they were deported to Auschwitz (numbers 32489 - 32586 and 33091 - 33190). On 27 May 168 of these people were shot.

Composer Ludomir Marczak (1907-1943), linked to the underground Robotnicza Partia Polskich Socjalistów (Polish Socialist Workers Party), was arrested in November 1943, together with thirteen Jews whom he had hidden in a specially built shelter at Świętojerska Street. They were taken to the Pawiak prison and executed. Jadwiga Sałek-Daneko (pseudonym “Kasia”, 1911-1943), who actively took part in transferring people from the ghetto into hiding, was also arrested there and was then tortured and executed. They were posthumously awarded the medal “Righteous Among the Nations.”

In 1943, although the terror intensified, the Nazi Propaganda Office became more liberal towards music performances. This trend was even stronger in 1944, when, in the face of military defeats on all fronts, some of the Nazi authorities tried to gain some influence in Polish society by liberalizing cultural policies, and the Rada Naczelna Opiekuńcza - charitable council - was allowed to organize symphonic concerts in the conservatory building. Andrzej Panufnik's “Tragic” Overture (1942) was premiered there.

Some composers actively took part in the Warsaw Uprising as soldiers of the Home Army. Wawrzyniec Żuławski (1916-1957), a gifted writer, musicologist and critic, who had studied composition, philosophy and musicology in Warsaw until 1939 (and who was one of Poland's finest alpinists), was active in the underground and then fought in the Uprising under the pseudonym Jerzy Koryciński, in the “Odwet” Home Army battalion. During the war he composed a Partita for piano (1941), a Concertino for violin and string orchestra (1942), a Prelude and Fugue for string quartet (1942) and a Piano Quintet (1943).

Some composers were killed during the Uprising, either as soldiers or civilians. The most outstanding of them was Roman Padlewski (1915-1944), who was also a violinist, pianist, conductor and music critic; he was shot in the back by a German soldier on 14 August 1944 while attempting to disarm a Goliath tracked mine. He had been active in the underground Musicians Council and had composed several works: Songs to poems by Jerzy Liebert for soprano and orchestra (1942), a Violin Concerto (1944), an orchestral setting of J. S. Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor and D major (1943), as well as an uncompleted Third String Quartet (1944). Several of this composer's pre-war works perished, probably during the Uprising or afterwards, in Warsaw, which had been set on fire by Nazi squads. His Second String Quartet (1942) was preserved only thanks to the action of the Clandestine Musicians' Council, which chose the most valuable works composed during the war, microfilmed them and secretly sent them by plane to London, as it was rightly feared that they might not be preserved under the tragic wartime conditions.

Bronisław Wolfstahl (1883-1944), a conductor, pianist and composer who had studied in Vienna, Leipzig and Berlin and had conducted in Lvov, at the Vienna Volksoper, the Warsaw Opera House and the Warsaw Philharmonic, was murdered on 5 September 1944 in the Wola quarter, where, a month earlier (5-7 August), during the massacres of civilians by Nazi squads under the command of Heinz Reinefarth (1903-1979), approximately 59,400 people were killed.

After the Warsaw Uprising, some composers were sent to camps - among them, Andrzej Markowski (1924-1986), who fought in the Uprising and was then prisoner of the Murnau oflag, Edward Bury (1919-1995), Tomasz Kiesewetter (1911-1992), Stefania Allinówna (1895-1988) and - one of the youngest - Tadeusz Baird (1928-1981), who began to study composition during the war (with Bolesław Woytowicz and Kazimierz Sikorski) and was only sixteen when he was deported to Germany; there he had to work in the fields and constructing fortifications. After his attempt to escape failed, he was imprisoned by the Gestapo, went through concentration camp, misery, hunger, serious illness and long months of convalescence.

Not all of the Polish composers who fell victim to the Germans' ruthless extermination policies could be named here. The individual stories that have been described are only emblematic of the fate of Polish society as a whole, which was decimated and torn apart by the invaders. Only through grim determination and tremendous energy was Poland once again able to become a major center of musical activity after the most devastating war in its, and Europe's, history.

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  • 1. Quoted from: Adam Basak, Eksterminacja inteligencji jako metoda ludobójstwa. Polskie doświadczenia a praktyka kodyfikacyjna i orzecznictwo w sprawach zbrodni hitlerowskich [Extermination of intelligentsia as a method of genocide. Polish experiences versus jurisdiction concerning Nazi crimes], Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi, Karol Jońca (ed.), Vol. 14, Wrocław 1991, p. 285.
  • 2. He graduated from conducting class at the Warsaw Conservatory in 1931 and then earned his living as a composer of incidental music for several Warsaw theaters. His compositions for symphony orchestra were performed at the Polish Radio and Warsaw Philharmonic (Tryptyk) and Warsaw Opera House (Ludowe Tańce). He was also the author of songs and of music for piano. O.B., PamiÄ™ci Henryka Gadomskiego [To the Memory of Henryk Gadomski], Ruch Muzyczny 1946, No. 20/21, p. 30.
  • 3. Read also Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944, Hippocrene Books, New York 1986, p. 105: ”German authorities allowed Poles to attend only third-rate theatrical productions, often pornographic in nature. Since the Union of Polish Stage Artists forbade its members to perform in German-controlled theaters, this meant that actors and actresses frequently became singers or gave recitations at coffee houses where people drank ersatz coffee and ate minuscule pastries”.
  • Posted June 7, 2010

    http://orelfoundation.org/journal/journalArticle/polish_composers_in_occupied_poland

    Les compositeurs polonais en Pologne occupée

    Par Katarzyna Naliwajek-Mazurek

    La situation des compositeurs devenus anciens citoyens polonais en septembre 1939 est définie par les politiques générales et les nouvelles juridictions introduites par les autorités nazies et soviétiques. La Pologne a disparu des cartes en 1939, divisée en trois parties: le gouvernement général sous administration civile allemande et occupation militaire, les territoires incorporés du Troisième Reich et les territoires annexés à l'URSS. Les approches vis-à-vis des habitants de ces régions ont varié, mais leur trait commun était la terreur, dirigée avant tout vers l'intelligentsia. Dans la partie de la Pologne soumise au régime soviétique, les arrestations par le NKVD et les déportations en Sibérie étaient un moyen de prendre le contrôle de la population polonaise, mais jusqu'en juin 1941, lorsque ces territoires furent saisis par le Troisième Reich et intégrés au district du gouvernement général. de Galice,

    Pour les idéologues nazis, de Hitler, Himmler et Goebbels, culture, éducation et science polonaises étaient des obstacles évidents au plan visant à la dégradation et à la transformation de la Polnische Bevölkerung (population polonaise) en une main-d'œuvre docile et de masse. Dans un discours du 24 octobre 1940, Hitler expliqua que "tous les représentants de l'intelligentsia polonaise devraient être éteints" car "c'est la loi de la vie". 1Pour prouver que le pays occupé n’avait ni culture ni identité nationale et pour en faire un «désert intellectuel» (selon les mots du gouverneur général Hans Frank), les universités et les lycées étaient fermés pour les étudiants et les professeurs polonais; les journaux et périodiques indépendants polonais ont été interdits et remplacés par des journaux de propagande allemands en polonais; et les institutions musicales et culturelles, telles que les orchestres, les chorales, la radio et les associations de musique ont été fermées. L'édition de musique classique et les représentations de musique polonaise (par exemple, Chopin et Paderewski) ont été interdites la première année de l'occupation et les monuments représentant des personnalités de la culture polonaise ont été détruits. En mai 1940, par exemple, le célèbre monument de Chopin dans le parc Lazienki de Varsovie fut renversé et le parc réservé «aux Allemands uniquement».

    Ainsi, en septembre et octobre 1939, des compositeurs - d'anciens citoyens polonais qui se trouvaient sous l'occupation nazie - ont perdu leurs sources de revenus en tant que critiques musicaux, professeurs de conservatoire, chefs d'orchestre, directeurs artistiques, monteurs de musique ou simplement en tant que compositeurs, en faisant exécuter leurs œuvres. . La carrière de nombreux compositeurs talentueux de musique populaire a également connu une fin abrupte: ils ne reçoivent plus aucune commande de la radio polonaise, des cabarets et des théâtres, ni des industries de l’enregistrement et du film auparavant florissantes (par exemple, la célèbre compagnie «Syrena Record»), parce que toutes ces organisations avaient été fermées.

    Dans les territoires constitués du Reich, le principal objectif des nazis était de germaniser la population ou de la relocaliser au sein du gouvernement général. Les compositeurs des centres musicaux les plus importants tels que Poznań et Łódź, qui appartenaient à présent à la Warthegau ou à d'autres provinces du Reich, ont été principalement contraints de partir, mais ils ont parfois été arrêtés ou internés dans des camps. Wacław Gieburowski (1878-1943), prêtre, compositeur et chef d'un célèbre choeur de la cathédrale de Poznań, fut arrêté par la Gestapo en 1939, puis relâché et mourut à Varsovie. Jerzy Młodziejowski (1909-1985), compositeur, chef d'orchestre, écrivain de musique, photographe et alpiniste, participa à la campagne de septembre. De 1940 à 1945, il fut prisonnier à Woldenburg (Dobiegniew) oflag, où il dirigea un orchestre de prisonniers. une chorale d'hommes et composée. Zygmunt Mycielski (1907-1987), compositeur et critique musical qui avait étudié avec Paul Dukas et Nadia Boulanger et qui était le descendant d'une famille noble, participa à la campagne de septembre et combattit en France en 1940. En tant que soldat polonais , il s'est retrouvé dans un stalag, puis a été envoyé au travail forcé dans une ferme allemande. Il a néanmoins composéFiat voluntas tu , livre pour deux violoncelles et piano ou orgue (1943), et cinq sketches symphoniques (1945).

    Les compositeurs de Poznań (renommés Posen) se sont pour la plupart dirigés vers Varsovie ou Cracovie ou se sont cachés ailleurs. Tadeusz Zygfryd Kassern (Lvov 1904 - New York 1957), qui, jusqu'en 1939, avait travaillé comme avocat au parquet général de Poznań et comme critique musical à Nowy Kurier (1929-1933) et à Dziennik Poznański.(1934-1938), tout en conservant une carrière de compositeur assez réussie, fut évacué à Lvov en août 1939, qu'il quitta en 1940 pour Cracovie, où il trouva du travail dans une librairie Gebethner and Wolff. Comme il était recherché par la Gestapo en raison de ses origines juives, il s'installa à Varsovie où il se cacha sous le nom de Teodor Sroczyński. Pendant la guerre, il composa plusieurs œuvres, dont un concertino pour piano et orchestre (1940), un concerto pour orchestre à cordes, une sonate pour piano, une suite pour enfants pour deux pianos et des chansons. Stanisław Wiechowicz - professeur de composition très respecté au conservatoire de Poznań, auteur principalement de musique chorale (il a ensuite composé une lettre triste de lettre à Marc Chagall, 1961), s’installa d’abord à Varsovie, puis dans une localité éloignée, où il fut officiellement engagé comme employé de bureau sur la propriété forestière de ses amis. L'extermination était la principale méthode utilisée pour les compositeurs considérés par les nazis comme liés à des activités patriotiques ou à des institutions culturelles polonaises dans les territoires, qu'ils voulaient devenir «nettoyés» sur le plan ethnique. Le talentueux compositeur silésien Jan Sztwiertnia (1911-1940), qui a péri dans le camp de concentration de Mauthausen – Gusen en Autriche, a été l'une des premières victimes de ces persécutions.

    Après la conférence de Wannsee en janvier 1942, la plupart des compositeurs juifs et polonais ont été assassinés dans le génocide, conçu comme la «solution finale à la question juive», où la catégorie de «juif» était définie conformément aux lois allemandes de Nuremberg. Des générations entières de musiciens polonais d'origine juive ont été tuées par les nazis, à moins qu'un membre de leur famille ne soit à l'étranger ou ait survécu dans la clandestinité. Un exemple est l'histoire des familles Kagan et Górzyński (Grünberg). Parmi les quatre frères Kagan nés à Nowogródek (aujourd'hui Navahrudak en Biélorussie), fils de Mordechai et Sara (née Kantor), l'aîné, Mieczysław (né en 1887; il a changé de nom et s'appelle désormais Kochanowski), chef d'orchestre et compositeur de musique de danse, a été assassiné en mai 1943 dans la prison d’interrogatoire de la Gestapo, avenue Szucha à Varsovie, où les personnes arrêtées étaient régulièrement cruellement torturées et souvent tuées. Le plus jeune frère, Alexander (né en 1906), a survécu à la guerre en tant que soldat dans l'armée polonaise en France et a été interné en Suisse. Jakub Kagan (1896-1941), compositeur de musique de danse, pianiste, chef d'orchestre et musicien de jazz, qui participa à la guerre entre la Russie et la Pologne en 1920, fut l'auteur de plusieurs succès d'avant-guerre, tels queZłota pantera (Gold Panther, 1929), aux mots d'Andrzej Włast (1895-1942?); En 1941, il fut contraint de s'installer dans le ghetto de Varsovie, où il se produisit en tant que pianiste au Splendid Café and Melody Palace Theatre. Il fut tué par les nazis, probablement en 1942. Le quatrième frère, Feliks (qui avait changé sa Kochański) a également péri pendant la guerre (voir Tomasz Lerski, Syrena Record. Pierwsza polska wytwórnia fonograficzna 1904-1939 , éditions «Karin», New York - Varsovie 2004: 661–662).

    Parmi les trois fils d'un professeur de musique de Cracovie, l'aîné, Władysław Górzyński (orig. Adolf Grünberg, compositeur et chef d'orchestre né en 1887), s'est caché pendant la guerre et a survécu. Ses trois fils et sa femme sont morts lors de l'insurrection de Varsovie en 1944. Son frère cadet, Zdzisław Górzyński (1895-1977), un chef d'orchestre polonais remarquable qui avait travaillé à l'opéra de Varsovie, à Lvov et dans d'autres théâtres, dirigea le Petit Orchestre de Radio polonaise de 1935 à 1939. Pendant la guerre, il se cache sous le nom très polonais de Jan Zbigniew Michalczyk. Il survit en donnant des cours de musique et en assistant à des concerts clandestins. Il était confié à des compositeurs appartenant au Conseil de la musique clandestin (en particulier le compositeur Piotr Perkowski et sa sœur Felicja Krysiewicz). Le plus jeune frère, le compositeur Tadeusz Górzyński (né en 1899), qui a étudié le violon à Cracovie, la direction d'orchestre et la composition à Vienne et a été pendant de nombreuses années président de l'Association des musiciens de Varsovie, a été arrêté et envoyé au camp de concentration de Majdanek des nazis. Il fut forcé de travailler à la construction du camp et mourut de la fièvre typhoïde en 1942 (Lerski 2004: 642–3).

    Certains des compositeurs emprisonnés dans les ghettos de Varsovie et de Łódź ont essayé de gagner leur vie par toute forme d'activité musicale dans ces circonstances tragiques. Marian Neuteich, Adam Furmański, David Bajgelman, David Laks, Marian Altenberg, Artur Gold et plusieurs autres parmi eux. Ils ont péri dans les ghettos et les camps de la mort (Treblinka et Auschwitz, principalement). Władysław Szpilman, probablement le seul compositeur du ghetto de Varsovie à avoir survécu à la guerre, a été aidé par d'autres musiciens, dont le compositeur Piotr Perkowski, les chanteurs Andrzej Bogucki et Zofia Godlewska. Józef Koffler, premier compositeur polonais à douze tons, est un éminent compositeur de Lvov. Il a été tué avec son épouse et son petit fils quelque part dans l'ancien territoire polonais. Ceux qui sont restés (Jakub Mund, Emmanuel Schlechter et Zygmunt Schatz) sont morts dans le ghetto ou dans le camp de Janovska. D'autres compositeurs polonais de Lvov sont morts à la suite d'autres persécutions allemandes: Alfred Stadler (1889-1944) a été exécuté en otage et Wiktor Hausman (1893-1943) dans la prison de Gęsia Street à Varsovie. Mieczysław Krzyński (1901-1987) a été emprisonné dans les camps d'Auschwitz et de Sachsenhausen, mais a survécu.

    Contrairement aux territoires annexés au Reich, l'activité musicale des Polonais était autorisée par le gouvernement général, bien que Hans Frank l'ait restreinte à "certaines formes de divertissement primitif" dans les cafés, dans des conditions telles que l'enregistrement et l'autorisation spéciale renouvelable (la Erlaubniskarte), et seulement après l'acceptation d'un programme de concerts par des censeurs nazis. Dans le document du NSDAP, La question du traitement de la population de l'ancien territoire polonais du point de vue racialo -politique, de novembre 1939, dans la section intitulée Traitement des Polonais et des Juifs dans le reste[partie de] la Pologne [c.-à-d. le gouvernement général], les directives suivantes sont présentées: «Les cafés et restaurants, bien qu'ils aient souvent été le point de rencontre de cercles nationalistes et intellectuels en Pologne, ne devraient pas être fermés, car leur contrôle semble être une priorité. plus facile que sur les rassemblements privés de conspirateurs, comme cela se serait nécessairement passé et dans lequel l’histoire polonaise abonde.

    Cette méthode a été appliquée avec diligence. Les cafés étaient fermés s'ils enfreignaient les règles de censure (comme dans le cas du Café Zachęta, où un programme de concerts comportait des compositions polonaises), ou parce qu'il était utile à un moment donné pour la politique de terreur et d'intimidation exercée par les autorités nazies. Dans l'un des premiers cafés, l'Arkadia, qui a ouvert fin 1939 à Varsovie occupée, dans les vestiges de l'édifice philharmonique de Varsovie (la majeure partie avait été détruite lors d'attaques à la bombe menées en septembre, accompagnées de partitions et d'instruments). et qui était un centre d'activité clandestine nationaliste de droite, toutes les personnes présentes ont été arrêtées le 5 décembre 1940. Certains visiteurs et employés du café ont été exécutés, d'autres ont été envoyés dans des camps de concentration. Henryk Gadomski, compositeur et pianiste (1907-1941), bien qu'il n'ait rien à voir avec les activités clandestines, il fut transporté à Auschwitz le 6 janvier 1941, où il mourut la même année. Ses compositions ont été détruites pendant la guerre. 2 Lecompositeur Bronisław Onufry Kopczyński (1916-1943), connu pour ses opinions et ses actions antisémites avant la guerre et lié pendant la guerre à des organisations clandestines de droite, fut arrêté par la Gestapo en janvier 1943 et mourut à la mort. Camp Majdanek en avril de la même année. Certains compositeurs ont survécu grâce à leur profession: Szymon Laks, arrêté en France et transporté à Auschwitz en raison de ses origines juives, et Adam Kopyciński, tous deux chef d'orchestre à Auschwitz.

    C'est également dans un café - la Lira de la rue Szpitalna 5, ouverte par Piotr Perkowski - que le Conseil des musiciens clandestin susmentionné a été fondé en tant qu'une des nombreuses institutions souterraines. Ses objectifs étaient de contrecarrer les effets de la politique nazie. Différentes sous-sections ont des objectifs divers: organisation de la vie musicale clandestine (des concerts dans des appartements privés ont été organisés pour éviter la censure et interpréter de la musique polonaise, en particulier Chopin); l'organisation de concerts de musique classique dans des cafés; la commande de chansons spéciales pour la Home Army clandestine (ces chansons ont finalement été composées par Witold Lutosławski, Andrzej Panufnik et d'autres); éducation musicale; et soutien financier et aide aux musiciens en fuite.

    Ainsi, plusieurs compositeurs se sont produits dans les cafés de Varsovie, ce qui était presque la seule possibilité de travail pour un musicien - en dehors de l'enseignement privé et de la participation à des funérailles ou à des églises. 3 Lesmusiciens ayant joué dans des institutions créées par les nazis à l'automne 1940, tels que le Theater der Stadt Warschau (théâtre de la ville de Varsovie, qui occupait le Teatr Polski), et l'orchestre du gouvernement général de Cracovie, étaient soit collaborateurs ou n’avaient pas d’autre choix et ont été sanctionnés par le Conseil des musiciens clandestin parce qu’ils étaient eux-mêmes en danger ou devaient protéger un mari ou une femme d’origine juive). Ce fut le cas de Walerian Bierdiajew, qui dirigea au Theater der Stadt Warschau.

    Le lieu le plus ambitieux était le café bien connu appelé «Home of Art» («Dom Sztuki») - en l’absence des salles de concert Philharmonic, Opera et Radio; il était organisé par le compositeur Bolesław Woytowicz (1899-1980), professeur de piano au conservatoire de Varsovie avant la guerre. Les programmes de ce café comprenaient même de nouvelles œuvres de chambre et solos de Woytowicz lui-même et d'autres compositeurs sans emploi, tels que Grażyna Bacewicz, Roman Palester (1907-1989), Lutosławski, Kisielewski et Kazimierz Wiłkomirski.

    Certains compositeurs ont été emprisonnés pendant un certain temps à la prison de Pawiak: Woytowicz a été arrêté le 22 mai 1943 et libéré un mois plus tard; Palester a été arrêté en 1940 et détenu pendant environ six semaines. Lech Miklaszewski (1910-1992), également arrêté en 1940, y fut emprisonné pendant six mois. et Wacław Gajdziński a été envoyé de la prison de Pawiak le 24 mai 1944 à Stutthof, où il est décédé.

    Witold Lutosławski a joué principalement dans des cafés dans un duo de pianos avec Andrzej Panufnik, jouant principalement des arrangements du répertoire standard - d'abord au café Aria, accompagnant parfois des solistes; puis à U Aktorek (chez les actrices); et, à partir de 1942, à Sztuka i Moda (Art et Mode). Les seules compositions survivantes de cette expérience sont les Variations flamboyantes de Lutosławski sur Paganini (1941), pour deux pianos; d'autres pièces ont été improvisées ou ont péri lors de l'insurrection de Varsovie de 1944 et de l'incendie de la ville par les nazis. Lors d'une rafle, lorsque tous les visiteurs et le personnel ont été arrêtés et envoyés à la prison de Pawiak, Panufnik et Lutosławski ont été relâchés grâce à l'intervention du propriétaire du café. Pendant la guerre, Lutosławski composa également Two Studies for Piano (1940-1941) et le Trio pour hautbois,

    À Cracovie, qui était beaucoup plus étroitement contrôlée, un café, le Kawiarnia Plastyków (Café des artistes), était l'endroit où les musiciens polonais pouvaient se produire devant un public polonais, indépendamment des nazis (à l'exception de la censure, bien sûr). Jusqu'au 14 avril 1942, Jan Ekier donna un récital de piano, mais deux jours plus tard, 198 artistes et autres furent arrêtés et enfermés à la prison de Montelupi. Les 24 et 25 avril, ils ont été déportés à Auschwitz (numéros 32489 à 32586 et 33091 à 33190). Le 27 mai, 168 de ces personnes ont été abattues.

    Le compositeur Ludomir Marczak (1907-1943), lié à la Robotnicza Partia Polskich Socjalistów (Parti ouvrier socialiste polonais), a été arrêté en novembre 1943, avec treize Juifs qu'il avait cachés dans un abri spécialement construit, rue więtojerska. Ils ont été emmenés à la prison de Pawiak et exécutés. Jadwiga Sałek – Daneko (pseudonyme «Kasia», 1911-1943), qui a activement participé au transfert de personnes du ghetto dans la clandestinité, a également été arrêtée sur place, puis torturée et exécutée. À titre posthume, ils ont reçu la médaille «Justes parmi les nations».

    En 1943, bien que la terreur s’intensifie, le bureau de la propagande nazi se montre plus libéral à l’égard des spectacles musicaux. Cette tendance se renforça encore en 1944 lorsque, face à des défaites militaires sur tous les fronts, certaines autorités nazies tentèrent de gagner une influence sur la société polonaise en libéralisant les politiques culturelles. Le Rada Naczelna Opiekuńcza - conseil caritatif - fut autorisé à organiser des concerts symphoniques dans le bâtiment du conservatoire. L’ouverture «tragique» d’Andrzej Panufnik (1942) a été créée là-bas.

    Certains compositeurs ont activement participé à l'insurrection de Varsovie en tant que soldats de l'armée de l'intérieur. Wawrzyniec Żuławski (1916-1957), écrivain, musicologue et critique de talent, qui avait étudié la composition, la philosophie et la musicologie à Varsovie jusqu'en 1939 (et qui était l'un des meilleurs alpinistes de Pologne) avait été actif dans la clandestinité, puis s'était battu pendant le soulèvement. sous le pseudonyme de Jerzy Koryciński, au sein du bataillon «Odwet» de l’Armée de la maison. Pendant la guerre, il composa une Partita pour piano (1941), un Concertino pour violon et orchestre à cordes (1942), un Prélude et Fugue pour quatuor à cordes (1942) et un Quintette pour piano (1943).

    Certains compositeurs ont été tués pendant le soulèvement, en tant que soldats ou civils. Le plus remarquable d'entre eux est Roman Padlewski (1915-1944), qui est également violoniste, pianiste, chef d'orchestre et critique musical. le 14 août 1944, un soldat allemand lui a tiré dans le dos alors qu'il tentait de désarmer une mine traquée de Goliath. Actif au sein du Conseil des musiciens clandestins, il avait composé plusieurs œuvres: des chants à poèmes de Jerzy Liebert pour soprano et orchestre (1942), un concerto pour violon (1944), un arrangement pour orchestre de Toccata et Fugue en ré mineur de JS Bach. majeur (1943), ainsi qu'un troisième quatuor à cordes inachevé (1944). Plusieurs œuvres de ce compositeur avant la guerre ont péri, probablement pendant le soulèvement ou après, à Varsovie, qui avaient été incendiées par des escadrons nazis.

    Bronisław Wolfstahl (1883-1944), chef d'orchestre, pianiste et compositeur qui avait étudié à Vienne, Leipzig et Berlin et dirigé à Lvov, au Volksoper de Vienne, à l'Opéra de Varsovie et au Philharmonique de Varsovie, fut assassiné le 5 septembre 1944 à Dans le quartier de Wola, où environ 59 400 personnes avaient été tuées lors des massacres de civils commis par des escadrons nazis sous le commandement de Heinz Reinefarth (1903-1979) un mois plus tôt (du 5 au 7 août).

    Après le soulèvement de Varsovie, certains compositeurs ont été envoyés dans des camps - parmi eux, Andrzej Markowski (1924-1986), qui a combattu pendant le soulèvement et était alors prisonnier du Murnau oflag, Edward Bury (1919-1995), Tomasz Kiesewetter (1911–1957). 1992), Stefania Allinówna (1895-1988) et - l’un des plus jeunes - Tadeusz Baird (1928-1981), qui commença à étudier la composition pendant la guerre (avec Bolesław Woytowicz et Kazimierz Sikorski) Allemagne; il devait y travailler dans les champs et construire des fortifications. Après que sa tentative d'évasion ait échoué, il a été emprisonné par la Gestapo, traversé un camp de concentration, misère, faim, maladie grave et convalescence durant de longs mois.

    Tous les compositeurs polonais victimes des politiques d'extermination impitoyables des Allemands n'ont pas pu être nommés ici. Les récits individuels décrits ne sont que des exemples du destin de la société polonaise dans son ensemble, décimé et déchiqueté par les envahisseurs. Ce n’est que grâce à sa détermination et à sa formidable énergie que la Pologne a pu à nouveau devenir un centre majeur de l’activité musicale après la guerre la plus dévastatrice de son histoire et de celle de l’Europe.

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  • 1. Cité de: Adam Basak, Eksterminacja inteligencji jako metoda ludobójstwa. Polskie doświadczenia a praktyka kodyfikacyjna i orzecznictwo w sprawach zbrodni hitlerowskich
    [Extermination de l'intelligentsia en tant que méthode de génocide. Expériences polonaises contre juridiction concernant les crimes nazis],
    Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi
    , Karol Jońca (ed.), Vol. 14, Wrocław 1991, p. 285.
  • 2. Diplômé de la classe de direction au Conservatoire de Varsovie en 1931, il gagna ensuite sa vie en tant que compositeur de musique de scène pour plusieurs théâtres de Varsovie.
    Ses compositions pour orchestre symphonique ont été interprétées à la radio polonaise, au Philharmonique de Varsovie ( Tryptyk ) et à l'Opéra de Varsovie ( Ludowe Tańce ).
    Il était également l'auteur de chansons et de musique pour piano. OB, Pamięci Henryka Gadomskiego [À la mémoire de Henryk Gadomski], Ruch Muzyczny 1946, n ° 20/21, p. 30.
  • 3. Lisez aussi Richard C. Lukas, L’Holocauste oublié. Les Polonais sous l'occupation allemande , 1939-1944 , Hippocrene Books, New York 1986, p. 105:
    ”Les autorités allemandes ont interdit aux Polonais d'assister à des productions théâtrales de troisième ordre, souvent de nature pornographique.
    Depuis que l'Union des artistes de la scène polonais a interdit à ses membres de se produire dans des théâtres sous contrôle allemand, les acteurs et actrices sont souvent devenus chanteurs ou récitants dans des cafés où les gens buvaient du café ersatz et mangeaient de minuscules pâtisseries ».
  •  

    Wacław Gieburowski (1878-1943) Priest, composer and conductor of a renowned Cathedral Choir in Poznań arrested by the Gestapo in 1939, then released, and died in Warsaw  
           
    Jerzy Młodziejowski (1909-1985) composer, conductor, writer on music, photographer and alpinist took part in the September Campaign and from 1940 to 1945 was a prisoner in Oflag II C Woldenberg Dobiegniew Strzelecki conducted a prisoners' orchestra and a men's choir and composed
           
    Zygmunt Mycielski (1907-1987) composer and music critic took part in the September campaign and fought in France in 1940. As a Polish soldier, he found himself in a stalag, and then was sent to forced labor on a German farm composed Fiat voluntas Tua, offertoire pour deux violoncelles et piano ou orgue (1943), and Five symphonic sketches (1945).
           
    Tadeusz Zygfryd Kassern (Lvov 1904-New York 1957) Until 1939, had worked as a lawyer in the general prosecutor's office in Poznań and as a music critic in Nowy Kurier (1929-33) and Dziennik Poznański (1934-38), while maintaining quite a successful composing career
    Evacuated to Lvov in August 1939, which he left in 1940 for Cracow, where he found work at a Gebethner and Wolff bookstore.
     
    As he was wanted by the Gestapo because of his Jewish origins, he moved to Warsaw, where he hid under the name of Teodor Sroczyński. During the war he composed several works, including a Concertino for piano and orchestra (1940), a Concerto for string orchestra, piano sonatinas, a Children's Suite for two pianos, and songs.
           
    Stanisław Wiechowicz Composition professor at Poznań conservatory Moved at first to Warsaw, then to a remote locality, where he was hired officially as an office clerk on his friends' forest property Author mainly of choral music (he later composed a mournful Letter to Marc Chagall, 1961)
           
     Jan Sztwiertnia (1911-1940) Silesian composer Perished in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Austria  
           
    Kagan brothers (4) born in Nowogródek (now Navahrudak in Belarus) as sons of Mordechai and Sara (née Kantor)  
    - Mieczysław Kagan (1887-1943)
    Changed his name to Kochanowski
    Conductor and composer of dance music
     
    Was murdered in May 1943 in the Gestapo interrogation prison at Szucha Avenue in Warsaw  
    - Jakub Kagan (1896-1941) Composer of dance music, pianist, conductor, and jazz musician Forced to move to the Warsaw ghetto in 1941, where he performed as a pianist at the Splendid Café and Melody Palace Theater, and where he was killed by the Nazis, probably in 1942 took part in the 1920 Polish-Soviet war, was the author of several pre-war hits, such as Złota pantera (Gold Panther, 1929), to words by Andrzej Włast (1895-1942?); C
    - Feliks Kagan
    Changed his name to Kochański
      perished during the war  
    - Alexander Kagan (born in 1906)   survived the war as a soldier in the Polish Army in France and was interned in Switzerland  
           
    Górzyński (Grünberg) brothers (3)  
    - Władysław Górzyński (orig. Adolf Grünberg, born in 1887) composer and conductor Went into hiding during the war and survived.
    His three sons and wife died during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944
     
    - Zdzisław Górzyński (1895-1977)
    Changed his name to Jan Zbigniew Michalczyk
    conductor who had worked at the Warsaw Opera House, in Lvov and at other theatres, directed the Small Orchestra of Polish Radio from 1935 to 1939. survived by giving music lessons and accompanied clandestine concerts. He was under the care of composers who belonged to the clandestine Music Council (especially composer Piotr Perkowski and his sister, Felicja Krysiewicz).  
    - Tadeusz Górzyński (born in 1899 -September 1942, Majdanek) studied violin in Cracow, conducting and composition in Vienna, and was for many years president of the Warsaw Association of Musicians  was arrested and sent to the Nazis' Majdanek concentration camp. He was forced to work on the construction of the camp, and he died of typhoid fever in 1942 Ben-Lewi (Adam Aston) & Dance Orchestra (Syrena Rekord Orchestra dir. by Henryk Gold) - Została nam piosenka (Only The Song Has Remained) (Its a Hebrew version of a Polish tango) Muz. T.Górzyński, Tekst: I.M.Biderman, Syrena-Electro 1936
     
           
    Marian Neuteich, Adam Furmański, David Bajgelman, David Laks, Marian Altenberg, Artur Gold and several others.
    They perished in the ghettos and death camps (Treblinka and Auschwitz, primarily)
           
    Władysław Szpilman      
           
    Józef Koffler      
           
    Jakub Mund, Emmanuel Schlechter and Zygmunt Schatz
    Died in the ghetto or the Janovska camp
     
    Alfred Stadler (1889-1944) was executed as a hostage
    Wiktor Hausman (1893-1943) was executed at Warsaw's Gęsia Street prison.
    Mieczysław Krzyński (1901-1987) was imprisoned in the camps of Auschwitz and Sachsenhausen but survived.
     
    Henryk Gadomski (1907-1941) Composer and pianist Although he had nothing to do with the clandestine activities there, was transported to Auschwitz on 6 January 1941, where he perished the same year. His compositions were destroyed during the war
           
    Bronisław Onufry Kopczyński (1916-1943) Composer known for his anti-Semitic views and actions before the war, and who was linked during the war to right-wing underground organizations, was arrested by the Gestapo in January 1943 and died at the Majdanek camp in April of that year.  
           
    Szymon Laks conducted orchestras at Auschwitz. , arrested in France and transported to Auschwitz because of his Jewish origins  
    Adam Kopyciński conducted orchestras at Auschwitz.    
           
    Bolesław Woytowicz (1899-1980)
    Grażyna Bacewicz
    Roman Palester (1907-1989)
    Lutosławski
    Kisielewski
    Kazimierz Wiłkomirski
    Professor of piano at the Warsaw Conservatory before the war Café named “Home of Art” (“Dom Sztuki”) - in the absence of the Philharmonic, Opera and radio concert halls; it was organized by the composers This café's programs even featured newly composed chamber and solo works
           
    Bolesław Woytowicz (1899-1980)   was arrested on 22 May 1943, imprisoned for a time at the Pawiak prison and released a month later  
    Roman Palester (1907-1989)   was arrested in 1940, imprisoned at the Pawiak prison and held for about six weeks  
    Lech Miklaszewski (1910-1992)   was arrested in 1940, imprisoned at the Pawiak prison for six months  
    Wacław Gajdziński   was sent from the Pawiak prison on 24 May 1944 to Stutthof, where he died  
    Witold Lutosławski performed mainly at cafés in a piano duo with Andrzej Panufnik, playing mostly arrangements of standard repertoire

     

       - first at the Aria café, sometimes accompanying soloists; then at U Aktorek (At the Actresses'); and, beginning in 1942, at Sztuka i Moda (Art and Fashion). The only surviving composition from that experience is Lutosławski's flamboyant Variations on Paganini (1941), for two pianos; other pieces were improvised, or else they perished in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 and in the subsequent burning of the city by the Nazis. During a roundup, when all the visitors and staff were arrested and sent to the Pawiak prison, Panufnik and Lutosławski were released thanks to the intervention of the café's owner. During the war, Lutosławski also composed Two Studies for Piano (1940-41) and the Trio for oboe, clarinet and bassoon (1944).
     
    In Cracow, which was much more tightly controlled, a café, Kawiarnia Plastyków (Café of Artists), was where Polish musicians could perform for Polish audiences, independent of the Nazis (except for the censorship, to be sure). As late as 14 April 1942, Jan Ekier gave a piano recital there, but two days later 198 artists and others were arrested and locked up in the Montelupi prison. On 24-25 April they were deported to Auschwitz (numbers 32489 - 32586 and 33091 - 33190). On 27 May 168 of these people were shot.
     
    Composer Ludomir Marczak (1907-1943), linked to the underground Robotnicza Partia Polskich Socjalistów (Polish Socialist Workers Party), was arrested in November 1943, together with thirteen Jews whom he had hidden in a specially built shelter at Świętojerska Street. They were taken to the Pawiak prison and executed.
    Ha was posthumously awarded the medal “Righteous Among the Nations.”
     
    Jadwiga Sałek-Daneko (pseudonym “Kasia”, 1911-1943), who actively took part in transferring people from the ghetto into hiding, was also arrested there and was then tortured and executed.
    She was posthumously awarded the medal “Righteous Among the Nations.”
     
    In 1943, although the terror intensified, the Nazi Propaganda Office became more liberal towards music performances. This trend was even stronger in 1944, when, in the face of military defeats on all fronts, some of the Nazi authorities tried to gain some influence in Polish society by liberalizing cultural policies, and the Rada Naczelna Opiekuńcza - charitable council - was allowed to organize symphonic concerts in the conservatory building. Andrzej Panufnik's “Tragic” Overture (1942) was premiered there.
     
    Some composers actively took part in the Warsaw Uprising as soldiers of the Home Army. Wawrzyniec Żuławski (1916-1957), a gifted writer, musicologist and critic, who had studied composition, philosophy and musicology in Warsaw until 1939 (and who was one of Poland's finest alpinists), was active in the underground and then fought in the Uprising under the pseudonym Jerzy Koryciński, in the “Odwet” Home Army battalion. During the war he composed a Partita for piano (1941), a Concertino for violin and string orchestra (1942), a Prelude and Fugue for string quartet (1942) and a Piano Quintet (1943).
     
    Some composers were killed during the Uprising, either as soldiers or civilians. The most outstanding of them was Roman Padlewski (1915-1944), who was also a violinist, pianist, conductor and music critic; he was shot in the back by a German soldier on 14 August 1944 while attempting to disarm a Goliath tracked mine. He had been active in the underground Musicians Council and had composed several works: Songs to poems by Jerzy Liebert for soprano and orchestra (1942), a Violin Concerto (1944), an orchestral setting of J. S. Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor and D major (1943), as well as an uncompleted Third String Quartet (1944). Several of this composer's pre-war works perished, probably during the Uprising or afterwards, in Warsaw, which had been set on fire by Nazi squads. His Second String Quartet (1942) was preserved only thanks to the action of the Clandestine Musicians' Council, which chose the most valuable works composed during the war, microfilmed them and secretly sent them by plane to London, as it was rightly feared that they might not be preserved under the tragic wartime conditions.
     
    Bronisław Wolfstahl (1883-1944), a conductor, pianist and composer who had studied in Vienna, Leipzig and Berlin and had conducted in Lvov, at the Vienna Volksoper, the Warsaw Opera House and the Warsaw Philharmonic, was murdered on 5 September 1944 in the Wola quarter, where, a month earlier (5-7 August), during the massacres of civilians by Nazi squads under the command of Heinz Reinefarth (1903-1979), approximately 59,400 people were killed.
     
    After the Warsaw Uprising, some composers were sent to camps - among them, Andrzej Markowski (1924-1986), who fought in the Uprising and was then prisoner of the Murnau Oflag VIIA, Edward Bury (1919-1995), Tomasz Kiesewetter (1911-1992), Stefania Allinówna (1895-1988) and - one of the youngest - Tadeusz Baird (1928-1981), who began to study composition during the war (with Bolesław Woytowicz and Kazimierz Sikorski) and was only sixteen when he was deported to Germany; there he had to work in the fields and constructing fortifications. After his attempt to escape failed, he was imprisoned by the Gestapo, went through concentration camp, misery, hunger, serious illness and long months of convalescence.

     

    Songs courtesy of :
    Intersonus Music, Wydawnictwo Muzyczne Caritas, P.P. Polskie Nagrania.
    http://www.warsawuprising.com/

    Various Polish patriotic songs were sung during the Warsaw Uprising in both formal and informal settings. Many of them were composed during the fighting and reflected the unbreakable spirit of the insurgents. [uprising songs]


    Warszawskie Dzieci
    Nie złamie wolnych żadna klęska,
    Nie strwoży śmiałych żaden trud,
    Pójdziemy razem do zwycięstwa,
    Gdy ramię w ramie stanie lud.

    Warszawskie dzieci pójdziemy w bój,
    Za każdy kamień twój stolico damy krew.
    Warszawskie dzieci pójdziemy w bój,
    Gdy padnie rozkaz twój,
    Poniesiem wrogom gniew!

    Powiśle, Wola i Mokotów,
    Ulica każda, każdy dom,
    Gdy padnie pierwszy strzał bądź gotów
    Jak w ręku Boga złoty grom.


    Lyrics by Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski 'Goliard'
    Music composed Andrzej Panufnik before the Warsaw Uprising.
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    PaŁacyk Michla
    Pałacyk Michla, Żytnia, Wola
    Bronią jej chłopcy od 'Parasola'.
    Choć na 'tygrysy' mają visy -
    To warszawiaki, fajne chłopaki są!

    Czuwaj wiara i wytężaj słuch,
    Pręż swój młody duch,
    Pracując za dwóch!
    Czuwaj wiara i wytężaj słuch,
    Pręż swój młody duch jak stal!

    A każdy chłopak chce być ranny,
    Sanitariuszki - morowe panny.
    A gdy cie kula trafi jaka,
    Poprosisz pannę - da ci buziaka - hej!


    Lyrics wrote cadet officer Józef Szczepański 'Ziutek' from 'Parasol' battalion [parasol]while fighting in the Wola district at the beginning of August of 1944. First published by an Old Town newspaper on 08/17/1944 and became popular in all parts of Warsaw.

    Szczepański, seriously injured in Old Town, was evacuated through the sewers to City Centre where he died on 09/10/44.

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    Marsz Mokotowa
    Nie grają nam surmy bojowe
    I werble do szturmu nie warczą.
    Nam przecież te noce sierpniowe
    I prężne ramiona wystarczą.

    Niech płynie piosenka z barykad
    Wsród bloków, zaułków, ogrodów,
    Z chłopcami niech idzie na wypad
    Pod rękę przez cały Mokotów.

    Ten pierwszy marsz ma dziwna moc,
    Tak w piersiach gra, aż braknie tchu,
    Czy słonca żar, czy chłodna noc,
    Prowadzi nas pod ogniem z luf.
    Ten pierwszy marsz to właśnie zew,
    Niech brzmi i trwa przy huku dział.
    Batalion gdzieś rozpoczął szturm,
    Spłyneła łza i pierwszy strzał!


    Lyrics by cadet officer Mirosław Jezierski 'Karnisz', in the second half of August '44.

    Music by lieutenant Jan Markowski 'Krzysztof', from 'Baszta' battalion in Mokótow district.

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    NaprzÓd do Boju ŻoŁnierze
    Soldiers to Arms!
    Naprzód, do boju żołnierze
    Polski Podziemnej! Za broń!
    Boska potęga nas strzeże.
    Woła do boju was dzwon.

    Godzina nam pomsty wybija,
    Za zbrodnie, mękę i krew.
    Do broni! Jezus z Maryją!
    Żołnierski woła nas zew.

    Zorza wolności się pali
    Nad Polska idących lat.
    Moc nasza przemoc powali,
    Nowy dziś rodzi się świat.

    Godzina nam pomsty wybija
    Za zbrodnie, mękę i krew.
    Do broni! Jezus z Maryją!
    Żołnierski woła nas zew.


    The hour of revenge has resounded
    For our wrongs, our blood, our tears,
    We soldiers are summoned to fight.
    O Yezus Maria! To arms! To arms!

    The dawn sky of the freedom is burning
    For our country and all that she'll be.
    As a new world is thrust into life,
    Our might will cast off slavery.

    Lyrics by Kazimierz Kumaniecki 'Kozakiewicz' , October 1942.

    Translation: Norman Davies. Rising '44

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    Wierzby PŁaczĄce
    Rozszumiały się wierzby płaczące,
    Rozpłakała się dziewczyna w głos,
    Od łez oczy podniosła błyszczące,
    Na żołnierski, na twardy życia los.

    Nie szumcie, wierzby, nam,
    Żalu, co serce rwie,
    Nie płacz, dziewczyno ma,
    Bo w partyzantce nie jest źle.
    Do tańca grają nam
    Granaty, stenów szczęk,
    Śmierć kosi niby łan,
    Lecz my nie wiemy, co to lęk.

    Czy to deszcz czy słoneczna spiekota,
    Wszędzie słychać miarowy, równy krok,
    To na bój idzie leśna piechota,
    Na ustach śpiew, spokojna twarz,
    wesoły wzrok.

    Nie szumcie, wierzby....

    Wierzby Płaczące (Weeping Willows), sung by Polish partisans in the forests, was also popular during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

    Lyrics by Roman Ślężak, music by Wasyl Iwanowicz Agapkin.

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    Hej, ChŁopcy Bagnet na BroŃ!
    Hej, chłopcy, bagnet na broń!
    Długa droga, daleka przed nami,
    Mocne serca, a w ręku karabin,
    Granaty w dłoniach i bagnet na broni.

    Jasny świt się roztoczy, wiatr owieje
    nam oczy,
    I odetchnąć da płucom i rozgrzać do krwi
    I piosenkę, jak ręczę, nad nami roztoczy
    W równym rytmie marsza: raz, dwa, trzy...

    Ciemna noc się nad nami roziskrzyła gwiazdami,
    Białe wstęgi dróg w pyle, długie noc i dni,
    Nowa Polska Zwycięska jest w nas i
    przed nami,
    W równym rytmie marsza: raz, dwa, trzy...

    Hej, chłopcy...


    Lyrics and music composed by Krystyna Krahelska 'Danuta' in January 1943. During the Warsaw Uprising, she was wounded on August 1, 1944, and died the following day.
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